Financial statement analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR roles and responsibilities Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s serious business advertise, it is essential to recollect how compelling arranging and advancement assume a significant job in the general accomplishment of the association. The capacity to design and execute a compelling methodology is just in the same class as the individuals that are put in the situations to settle on these choices. It is critical to have a forceful group that will be both serious and inspired to complete the targets put forward. In addition to the fact that it is imperative to see how these people will impact the association yet additionally the significance of acquiring viable employing rehearses. Land HR fluctuate from organization to office, however for bigger organizations, despite everything has a solid nearness in the organization. Human asset the executives is really the spine for all associations as it identifies with the general picture. Furthermore, human asset the executives impacts an association through techniques, for example, compe lling human asset arranging, equivalent open door business and governmental policy regarding minorities in society, the enlistment and choice procedure of staff and the manager’s capacity to deal with a sheltered and sound workplace. The land business gives numerous part of the board identified with key activities that straightforwardly influence the association. In taking a gander at the administration in a land domain, there are numerous choices that should be settled on and how these choices impact the association and the staff is a vital piece of the achievement of the general activity. Human asset the executives assumes a significant job in the advancement of exact strategies and systems, staffing and the executives of faculty and individual employment satisfaction and profession arranging. Let us not overlook the rudiments of human asset the board and how it identifies with every day activities in a land situation. Every day chiefs must comprehend that they are the agents of HR and how they respond to staff individuals in specific circumstances straightforwardly impacts the activity of the organization. HR improvement is a significant capacity that comprises of preparing and advancement as well as of indivi dual vocation arranging and advancement exercises, association improvement, and execution evaluations, an action that stresses preparing and improvement needs (Mondy, et al, 2005a). Directors must comprehend that preparation and improvement of staff and the executives is cruci... ...to age, sex, race, religion, useful claim to fame, religion, sexual direction, geographic starting point, and way of life, residency with the association, or position and some other saw distinction. (Mondy, Noe, 2005d). As examined, it is significant not just for the administrator to comprehend the significance of the human asset the board procedure, yet additionally the way that all parts of the administration an activity impact achievement. HR the board absolutely applied to day by day activities and is hard to neglect while understanding the consistent need to comprehend and decide answers for your association (Mondy, et al, 2005e).These practices are levels of mindfulness that each administrator and representative must know about in a land organization. Next time a staff part has an inquiry regarding human asset arranging, equivalent open door business and governmental policy regarding minorities in society, the enrollment and procedure of staff or the manager’s capacity to deal with a protected and sound workplace HR one must recollect how significant a human asset supervisor is to the organization. References Mondy, R., et al. (2005). Human asset the executives (ninth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Essay Topics on the Scarlet Letter

Essay Topics on the Scarlet LetterWhen you are writing an essay, or just trying to get one finished, you will find that there are many essay topics on the scarlet letter. There are plenty of topics and essays to choose from on this subject matter. Some are simpler, while others may be more involved. Whatever you decide, you will have to go through a process of deciding which topic to use and how to present it.When you first begin to write an essay, you may want to start with a topic that is more simple, such as the second part of the book. This will give you a starting point, so that you can then learn how to do the other parts. Here are some examples of topics on the scarlet letter:Letter to the Editor: This could be anything you want to write. In the current economy, it might be a form letter about the economy, a letter to the editor about a particular piece you read or an article. With the economy taking a turn for the worse, any forms of correspondence that you send could go for pennies and then be sent in by someone who wants to buy them.Free Thoughts - One way to make an essay and subject short is to take thoughts from an article and then make a short article about it. This is one of the easiest essay topics on the scarlet letter to write. You can take one article, an event or idea and make a short essay on it.Commercials - This may be used in a thesis. It is also used in college curriculum if it pertains to the topic you are writing about. To make a commercial about a small group of people in the public, you would just take a bunch of pictures of people in a group shot. The advertisers would have ads in them to sell their products.Anti-Semitic Comments - Another way to make an essay topic short is to use comments of other people to make an essay. For example, you might be asked to comment on a newspaper article about the Israel-Palestine conflict. You could take one of the comments from the article and use it in your essay. Make sure that you include the source for the comment, but it is OK to simply use the word of the person that made the comment.More Things - To make a short essay, just put things that are often written in other letters and in essay topics. They will probably just put it in a column or they will include it in a footnote. If it is related to a topic on the scarlet letter, then use it, or else just use the actual word.There are many essay topics on the scarlet letter. As long as you know how to write and how to present it, then this should not be too hard. Hopefully, this information will help you get started with essay topics on the scarlet letter.

Business Communication Cultural Festivals

Question: Talk about theBusiness Communicationfor Cultural Festivals. Answer: Presentation It is essential to know about the social contrasts before entering or beginning a totally new business in the market (Mitchell et al., 2012). As the social celebration of New Zealand decides the purchasing choices and inclinations of the purchaser, in this way, it will assist an association with continueing its business in New Zealand. Conversation As indicated by Del Barrio et al. (2012), during the social celebrations there are a greater number of potential outcomes of exchanging items as opposed to different occasions as the clients feel impacted during the social celebrations for purchasing items. The feeling intuition of the occupants of New Zealand decides to purchase items during the social celebrations like Pasifika Folk celebrations, Parihaka Peace celebration performances and different strict celebrations. From the ongoing explores, it has been explained that during these referenced celebrations, the purchasing limit of the occupants of New Zealand has been expanded by 29%, which obviously signifies the accomplishment of the business arrangement and technique of the current organizations (Kostopoulou et al., 2013). The majority of the associations in New Zealand have set up viable procedures, for example, giving occasional and blaze deals, limits during the merry season so as to pull in an enormous number of clients. As during the social celebrations, there are customs of wearing the customary clothing types, in this manner, the attire business of New Zealand is incredibly impacted during the social celebrations. Indeed, even the food business is affected during the social celebrations and the well known celebrations include Maori and Kiwi social celebrations. The travel industry is profited in huge way on account of the social celebrations (Csapo, 2012). End Indeed, even the administration of the association follows the business the business manners during the social celebrations, as it has a satisfactory ability to impact the whole business activity of the organization. An association needs to make sufficient items as per the qualities, convictions, information and perspectives of the social celebrations of New Zealand. Suggestions Albeit each association has comprehended the significance of social celebrations and the shopping inclinations of the clients during the social celebrations of New Zealand, still the accompanying proposals will assist the associations with earning more deals income: The associations ought to have assembled more information with respect to the convention and culture of New Zealand for offering items that are increasingly fitting to the clients. The associations ought to improve their correspondence procedure so as to gather criticism from the clients, which will assist with delivering successful items. References Csapo, J. (2012).The job and significance of social the travel industry in current the travel industry. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Del Barrio, M. J., Devesa, M., Herrero, L. C. (2012). Assessing elusive social legacy: The instance of social festivals.City, Culture and Society,3(4), 235-244. Kostopoulou, S., Vagionis, N., Kourkouridis, D. (2013). Social celebrations and local financial turn of events: Perceptions of key intrigue gatherings. InQuantitative strategies in the travel industry economics(pp. 175-194). Physica-Verlag HD. Mitchell, R., Charters, S., Albrecht, J. N. (2012). Social frameworks and the wine the travel industry product.Annals of Tourism Research,39(1), 311-335.

Body Image Issues, Teens and the Media

Body Image Issues, Teens and the Media February 12, 2020 Image Source/Photodisc/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis The media plays a big part in a teens body image. Advertising in teen magazines and on teen television typically glamorizes thing models who do not resemble the average person. In fact, todays women models generally weigh 23% less than the average woman. Considering the average person in the United States sees approximately 3,000 ads in magazines, billboards, and television every day, your teenager is getting the wrong message about body image much too often. Glamourizing the Thin Ideal Media targeting teenage girls tends to emphasize the ideal of thinness as beauty.  When you stop and think about the fact that the average height and weight for a model are 510 and 110 lbs, and the height and weight for the average woman are 54 and 145 lbs, its easy to see why this creates a tremendous health risk for young girls. The problem of the media using girls who are very thin and not healthy has not gotten better over the years, even though the issues it causes for teen girls have become well known. Television shows, movies, and other forms of popular culture often glamorize thinness as the beauty ideal. Popular culture often only depict thin individuals and offers little representation of other body types, shapes, and sizes. Such depictions can contribute to body issues and, potentially, eating disorders. The adolescent period is a time when exposure to these messages can be particularly damaging. The onset of puberty and the ensuing physical changes that this developmental stage brings can lead to feelings of insecurity and poor body image. It is important to note that boys are not immune to this. Parents need to be aware that boys can develop body image issues as well, whether such concerns center on weight, musculature, or some other internalized beauty ideal. It is also important to encourage your child to watch shows that depict characters who look like them. Shows where the kids look like your teen and their friends with regular body weights are the way to go. Show that depict normal as being the real normal. How to Help Your Teen   You can help your daughter minimize the medias impact on her body image by: Limit your teen daughter from this type of advertising. This doesnt mean that you need to take away all teen magazines, just be aware of which ones take this teen issue into consideration. Check them out at the store before purchasing a subscription.Start an advertising awareness program in her school.Talk to her about the health risks of being so thin and use the media for teachable moments.Talk to her about how photos of models are altered and airbrushed.Talk about achievements instead of appearance.Help your teen seek out role models that are body positive.Promote healthy habits. Help your child focus on healthy eating and exercise that promote well-being.Set a good example through your own behavior, including maintaining a positive attitude about your own body image, is also important.Teach teens to accept their own bodies. Remind them that everyone is different. A Word From Verywell If your child is struggling with body image issues that are affecting self-esteem, mood, or even eating behavior, talk to your childs doctor. Your teen may benefit from talking to a mental health professional.

Liberals And Conservatives Writing Assignment Paper - 275 Words

Liberals And Conservatives Writing Assignment Paper (Essay Sample) Content: LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVESNAME:INSTRUCTOR:DATE:The world that was influenced by European thought during the 19th century has the terms liberal and conservative in their political history. The time was marked by change that drew a contrast between those who wanted reforms in reduction of church privileges, democracy, landed aristocracy and royalty against those who were inclined to protect the traditional values of the society.ConservatismInstitutionsAccording to arguments posited by early conservatists like Burke, social institutions are a kind of capital. They viewed capital as having specific properties like social arrangements and thought patterns that are passed down through generations. They argued that the capital is tacit in nature and cannot be rationally analysed. Conservatism in the 19th century tolerated incremental reforms but was against systemic questioning of the social order. The main goal of conservatism was to conserve established institutions. Conse rvatives introduces policies that were aimed at conserving institutions that reinforced their power such as the aristocracy.HierarchyIn the 19th century society as in all the societies that followed, the ardent supporters of conservatism are the privileged group in society. During the 19th century the hereditary landed aristocracy were the most ardent adherents of conservatism. Conservatism argued that society should be organized in a hierarchy of orders and classes that would be controlled by the aristocracy who are at the uppermost hierarchical stratum. Later the 19th century privileged industrial leadership joined conservatives calling for the status quo. The goal of conservatism was to maintain power to the privileged few at the expense of the masses.FreedomConservatism has been known to constantly change when it comes to freedom. It always adapts itself to provide the minimum amount of freedom necessary to form a dominant coalition in the society. During the 19th century conse rvatism created a coalition between traditional social authorities and the emerging business class.The conservatives believ...

Justice Can Be Described As The Fairness, Equity,...

Justice can be described as the fairness, equity, evenhandedness, neutrality, honesty, righteousness, and morality given to the people by the governments, as well as other people. Justice should be given all around the world, but it is not always given. From the past to this day, there has been a lot of justice, and the society along with the governments have come a long way to reach the justice we have today. A person who played a major role in giving us the justice we see today is Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was a major factor in the laws we see today regarding equality, and he set the stage for what society should be like today. An analysis of, â€Å"A Letter for Birmingham Jail,† and, â€Å"Segregation Now,† will tell what†¦show more content†¦I believe that segregation does these two things, but I also believe that it does more. Based on what King wrote in his letter, I believe that segregation is morally wrong and that segregation went on and hurt the society back then, and if only there was no segregation, the world would have been so much easier to live in (King). King had a wonderful understanding and relationship between the meanings of just and law. King believed that the two should be used together by the government authorities for the better of the people in the United States. He believed that when a law is created regarding the people, that just and unjust should be put into the factor. He as well as a lot of us would argue for laws to be created morally right for the sake of the country’s society. King believed that for a law to be considered a law, that it should serve justice to the people it is over, and not be morally wrong which is not what the government should have the control to do (King). Some more comes about justice and equality some during the 1970’s. In the 1970’s a judge gave an order to a city to integrate the two high schools in Tuscaloosa. The schooling systems that wer e segregated before, were finally integrated, and they became one of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Government, Justice, and Human Rights3129 Words   |  13 Pages ABSTRACT: This paper explores the relationship between justice and government, examining views on the subject expressed by traditional political philosophers such as Rousseau and Locke, as well as those expressed by contemporary political theorists such as John Rawls and Robert Nozick. According to Rawls, justice is one of the fundamental concerns of a governing body; Locke and Rousseau agree that government and justice are essentially connected. Nozick and Max Weber, however, claim that the essential

Chemical Formula for Ethanol - Chemistry

Question: What Is the Chemical Formula of Ethanol? Ethanol is ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. It is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. Heres a look at its chemical formula. Answer: There is more than one way to represent the chemical formula of ethanol. The molecular formula is CH3CH2OH. The empirical formula of ethanol is C2H6O. The chemical formula also may be written as CH3–CH2–OH. You may see ethanol written as EtOH, where the Et represents the ethyl group (C2H5). Learn how to distill ethanol. Ethanol Properties Ethanol, like other alcohols, is flammable, volatile, and colorless. It has a characteristic odor. Ethanol has psychoactive properties. Other forms of alcohol also have such properties, but ethyl alcohol is considerably less toxic to humans than methanol or isopropanol. Ethanol Uses In addition to its recreational use, ethanol has many other applications. It is an important disinfectant and antiseptic. It is a common solvent, of particular use because it is miscible in both water and organic solvents. Ethanol is used for the synthesis of other organic compounds. Ethanol is a clean-burning fuel.

The Flat World And Education - 1716 Words

In their novels The Flat World and Education: How America s Commitment to Equity Will Determine Our Future and Education and Opportunity, both Hammond and McShane offer expert insight and solutions to repair America’s broken educational system. While the two authors have varying views regarding how to successfully reform the system, both share a universal belief that America has failed to establish a system of education that prepares all children equally— especially children of color— for the rigors of working, living, and succeeding in the 21st century. As a result, the United States faces numerous foreign and domestic challenges that stem directly from the flaws in its current educational system. Without adopting a new educational†¦show more content†¦The findings of this study strongly support the hypothesis that a large majority of children of color do not possess access to the same educational resources as White or Asian children. Likewise, former A rizona Governor Janet Napolitano stresses the importance of America reforming its current system, â€Å"†¦ America couldn t lead the world in innovation and remain being competitive if we didn t have an internationally competitive education system.† The long term economic impact of having citizens who are no longer able to compete on a global scale would be devastating. One source contributing to the inequality in the present day educational system stems from poor education policies enacted in the early eighties. While education policies during the seventies began to give students of color the opportunity to receive an equal and expanding education, cuts to several federal assistance programs in urban and rural areas under the Regan Administration erased much of the progress that had been made (18). As a result of the cuts made by President Regan, states were unable to properly fund urban and rural schools which resulted in many having poor teaching and learning environm ents (20). Unfortunately, discrepancies as a result of the federal cuts under President Regan are still prevalent thirty years later. However, many experts, such as Hammond and McShane, have devoted their professional careers to finding solutions to end the inequality inShow MoreRelatedThe Flat World And Education848 Words   |  4 Pagesher book The Flat World and Education that we only spend ten thousand dollars a year per student to educate our students, but we would and have spent in some cases thirty thousand to incarcerate them (2010). What if we took that forty thousand dollar combined total and split it up evenly? So that we spend twenty thousand on our students and twenty thousand on those we convict and sentence to incarceration. Because while education of those not in prison is important, I find that education of those whoRead MoreFlat World of Education School Practices Essay2049 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract In this paper the five schools’ practices as listed in The Flat World of Education are identified and prioritized according to the needs of the my school. The practices are defined in relation to their proven successes and related to my school’s immediate concerns. Solutions to each need are provided along with practical steps toward their implementations. Though each area is listed as a separate practice, they overlap one another and share the underlying need of smaller class sizes andRead MoreEssay on Education in Thomas Friedmans The World is Flat1164 Words   |  5 Pages Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world (Nelson Mandela). Although college may not be for everyone more people should look into getting a college degree. It is true that vocational and technical schools are good, although it limits people from exploring other areas of study that can lead to other career interests or opportunities. People should pursue going to college because most employers look to hire people with a two year degree or four year degree. AccordingRead MoreA High School Diploma Is No Longer Enough To Ensure Success1481 Words   |  6 Pageslonger enough to ensure success in the globalized world we live in. Low skill jobs made available by a high school education are, as time goes by, more and more likely to be automated or sent overseas. Even college degrees sometimes fail to secure their holders a solid career. Technology keeps advancing, and as it pushes forward, many workers look to education to stay relevant. Thomas Friedman, New York Times journalist and author of â€Å"The World Is Flat†, says ...its not only what you know but howRead MoreFree Community College Should Be Free1302 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial. Since there has been no law set in place federally some states are taking aim. Washington has a scholarship program called â€Å"Washington Promise† that supports what this act is all for. As the world continues to flatten, it seems the only way to compete in the globalized economy is by higher education. Even though the funding is large, the first two years of community college should be free to all. The Washington Promise, a scholarship program in place to provide scholarships to high school seniorsRead MoreOnline Learning Is Not The Next Big Thing1279 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a continuous dispute about the true advantages of online education. Not only with college students, but younger K-12 kids too. Editor of Training and Development Magazine, Donna J Abernathy, wro te, â€Å"Online Learning is not the next big thing, it is the now big thing† (Pappas). She is referring to the advancements in technology that are here in the present, that are here to help, and are here to teach. More frequently these days, K-12 students are using online-based work. Some say submergingRead MoreeLearning; The New Tool for People Who have Too Much to Do Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesturning in some assignments, but the instructor doesn’t question or contact you at all. After a while you lose focus on why you even started college, and decide its not worth the time and effort. Unfortunately, many people who enter into online education have similar stories, and while enrollment rates have increased a lot because of eLearning, the completion rates have not changed. There are criticisms of eLearning that definitely have weight; the wrong students are targeted, there is a lack ofRead MoreThomas Friedm The World Is Flat1021 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Frie dman – The World is Flat Introduction â€Å"Tom, the playing field is being levelled, and you Americans are not ready for it† These words by Nandan Nilekani, the former CEO of Infosys proved to be the basis of the book â€Å"The World is Flat† by Thomas Friedman. The video starts with Thomas Friedman, a veteran award winning American journalist, speaking of his visit to Bangalore in India to work on a documentary based on outsourcing, and how his meeting with the then CEO of Infosys influenced himRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization on US Society and Economy Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pages The world we live in today is going through enormous changes in economics, technology, culture, politics, etc. The effects of the changes are not so clear, since it is hard to predict how each sector would affect the other and how society will be affected. However, analyzing past and present occurrences provides some information for experts to interpret society’s reaction in the future to different transformations. Globalization can be seen as a process in which societies around the world come togetherRead Moreâ€Å"It’s a Flat World, After All† Analysis Essay699 Words   |  3 PagesIn Friedman’s â€Å"It’s a Flat World, After All†, Friedman in a trip Bangalore, India accidentally â€Å"encountered the flattening of the world†. The following paper will analyze â€Å"It’s a Flat World, After All† and the flattening of the world. To conclude the paper I will summarize my thoughts on the flattening of the world. According to Friedman globalization was classified into three time periods. Globalization 1.0 (1492 to 1800) was considered to shrink the world from large to medium due to countries

College Essay Examples - 708 Words

I want to start by noting that my grade in HAC is a 96.61%, which already would warrant a grade of an A for the quarter, but of course I understand the reasoning behind wanting us students to articulate an argument for ourselves. Throughout the quarter I have consistently put in effort and participated in class, working hard to get the A grade I believe I deserve. To address the first of the 6 sections, â€Å"On Time,† I have completed all my assignments on time, including my readings as well. Even though I had been sick one weekend and asked for extra time to read Black Elk Speaks, I still worked hard to read it before the initial due date (which I actually did do!). Considering that section is simply about turning in work on time, and I†¦show more content†¦A lot of my participation and success in the class is also due to the goals I set for myself and my self-directedness. I have a goal of matriculating to Yale or Princeton, and I know that takes hard work. I have consistently worked hard in class in an effort to achieve this goal, even going above and beyond. A couple of weeks ago, I did enrichment for The Mexican’s Revenge. Admittedly, that wasn’t due to my goals, but rather how much of an effect the poem had on me, but either way, it is a positive thing! As noted in the comments above, the only situation in which I believe I faltered this quarter was my failing to connect to the Definite Dozen in my notebooks on a Daily Basis. I did, however, do a lot of good work, and you even told me directly how excellent it was for the second notebook check. I have worked really hard in this class to meet all my deadlines and work towards achieving my collegiate goals, and so I think I deserve an A when it comes to Personal Outcome. Speaking to that, I even asked you to go over my Common App essay with me a week before it was due. As soon as I’m done proofreading and checking this piece over, I will be opening up a tab to work on t hat! Over the course of this quarter I have worked very hard, and produced fine work from that effort. Thus, considering I believe myself deserving of an A gradeShow MoreRelatedCollege Essay Examples972 Words   |  4 Pagestransportation. The development of highways and roads in Texas would be slow in comparison the rapid increasing population, so the only way to minimize traffic density would be to set up a better accessible bus routes for everyone. Japan is a very good example of how to use bicycles in our day to day life. Another thing I would like to increase would be use of bicycles because it is easily affordable, does not need running charge like gas in the car, and it is very good for our health and environment. NaturalRead MoreIs College Worth It? Essay example598 Words   |  3 PagesIs a college education really worth the investment of time, money and energy? Is a college degree really worth going deep in student loan debts? Higher education is a considerable gamble. For many people it works out well, but many of the other college graduates have found themselves completely unable to get a great job in this economy with a huge amount of debt on their shoulders. The entire system encourages students to take out any kindand amount of loans they need without worrying how they willRead MoreIs College Worth the Expense? Essay examples1193 Words   |  5 Pageshas helped the US rise economically and industrially. Today, the US is in the middle of the same debate- this time, over college. Some, like David Leonhardt, a columnist for the business section of The New York Times, think a college education creates success in any job. Others, such as Christopher Beha, an author and assistant editor of Harper’s Magazine, believe that some college â€Å"education† (like that of for-profit schools) is a waste of time, and can even be harmful to students. Each stance on thisRead MorePossible Difficulties In College Essay examples543 Words   |  3 PagesThe results of going to college the very first time vary with different people. Some people will be frightened by the way of life change, and the transition from living with family to being by their selves. On the other hand some people will be ready to move on, and to proceed with their future, and will jump at the moment to take another class that will better themselves. College will provide difficulties around every corner but will also provide the opportunities to go around those difficultiesRead MoreElectoral College System Essay examples1130 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze criticism of the Electoral College system and the alleged advantages and disadvantages of various reform proposals. The Electoral College is a system in which the individual voter does not actually vote directly for the president. When a person votes they are voting for an elector that has pledged their vote or allegiance to the running party. The Framers realized that without widespread communications available at the time and with other varying factors an each vote counts or theRead MoreCollege Should Not Be Free Essay example720 Words   |  3 PagesCollege should not be free. I personally dont think that college should be free. Students who pay for their college are more motivated, hard working and independent. Many students would have poor motivation to finish school, because they can always come back. As a matter of fact students with ambitions to get university degree are learning much harder in high school than other, who thinks they don’t need an extra paper. There are many students that are so smart, and they will find the way toRead More Sports and Recruitment for Colleges Essay examples1302 Words   |  6 PagesEvery Saturday, college campuses all across the nation are a buzz with activities. The football team prepares for this week?s game. The girl?s soccer team and volleyball teams play on Saturday and Sunday. The boy?s soccer team travels for an away game. Colleges and universities everywhere depend on various sports as a way of recruitment, entertainment, and physical activity for students. However, before 1972 women did not sh are the same opportunity to participate in intercollegiate sports. Read More Elimintating the Electoral College Essay examples1583 Words   |  7 PagesElimintating the Electoral College Judging by the way things are looking with this year’s election, the Electoral College is not benefiting American citizens. People fight both sides of the system, but the truth of the matter is that although the Electoral College has been in place for over 200 years, Americans are still not sure how it works or if it is the best method. Our country is supposed to be a symbol of democracy, but to this day, American elections are not truly democratic, forRead MoreA Study of College Drinking Essay examples1497 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Literature The literature on college binge drinking and student’s academic performance are for the most part; focused on an essential constituent or characteristic that has been revealed. During the past ten months, research has become an essential basis in regards to college binge drinking and the effects said behavior is having on those college students who choose to over-indulge. Given the situation over the literature pertaining to college binge drinking and poor academic grades,Read MoreNo Stipend for College Athletes Essay examples601 Words   |  3 PagesNo Stipend for the Athletes When people think of college they automatically connect it to football or basketball, because these sports are a major part of any college’s means of funding and advertising. Athletics in college over the years has become increasingly big amongst the social media and people. Today you could turn on the TV and almost always see a college football or basketball game playing. With the increasing interest in these sports and their players, people are starting to question if

Against Bilingual Education Free Essays

What is bilingual education? Bilingual education is a term that describes the different kind of educational program such as English as a Second Language. This program is taught in their native language. â€Å"For example, young children might be taught to read in their native language of Spanish; they are transitioned to English-only instruction when their English is proficient enough to ensure success. We will write a custom essay sample on Against Bilingual Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (http://www. suite101. om/content/bilingual-education-programs-pros-and-cons-a227708) Since 1960, there was a controversy in the public school to have bilingual education. The bilingual education programs have promise students a good education in their native language, so they won’t fall behind in their schoolwork. This program is to provide to teach English as a second language until the students are ready to be in all English class setting. Some people think that having bilingual program will not work but others think that it will work.However, I believe that having bilingual education is not a good thing. Many students are developing their need for their native language; this keeps them from learning and getting use to the English language. Many teachers are having their lesson in their native language but it slows them or taking long for them to learn and be able to understand English. â€Å"Some critics argue that bilingual education slows the learning process of English and the assimilation into out American Society. † (http://www. ricdigests. org/1997-3/bilingual. html) Bilingual education is unsuccessful attempt at integration into society. It was necessary since it was suppose to help the children who are immigrants and as well as the minorities coming together into society.Bilingual education is required to separate the teachers and the classroom. They believe that slowly things will come and bring the kids together; allowing the children to get their education in their language about three or more years. They further proposed that encouraging children to interact within their own community for a period of 3 years would delay the process of adjusting to the ways of life in a new country. † (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/disadvantages-of-bilingual-education. html) Also, at the same time, they believe that it’s going to bring a gap between the citizens and immigrants. I feel that the children will get confuse. â€Å"They feel, to begin with that part of the confusion around bilingual education program is their different meanings in different states. † (http://www. associatedcontent. om/article/259970/the_pros_and_cons_of_bilingual_education. html? singlepage=truecat=4) I believe that children who doesn’t speak English won’t master English language, they will end up having low score in test and will prove that education is failing in their native and as well as their second language.The best way to educated English language is to put them in an English language class. â€Å"They argue that allowing and even encouraging students to learn in their primary language is expensive and does not expose them to enough English become proficient quickly. (http://www. theatlantic. com/past/docs/issues/98may/biling. htm) In some cases it may be expensive for school to deliver the instruction in different language. â€Å"There is a dearth of classrooms that can accommodate students who require instruction in both English and their native language. † (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/disadvantages-of-bilingual-education. html) People expected students to sit together in a classroom, age don’t matter but variations in the required level of education.This could be a problem for teachers because they are only trained in two languages. The teachers have to be comfortable in trying to deal different levels of education. To some people bilingual education can be advantage but to others disadvantage. Immigrants and cultural, are not easy issue to deal with. They have different view on what is best for the people and the community. Reference: Haas. W. (June 01, 2007). The Pros and Cons of Bilingual Education Retrieved October 4, 2010 http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/259970/the_pros_and_cons_of_bilingua How to cite Against Bilingual Education, Papers

Interface Design for Online Gift Shop

Question: Discuss about the Interface Design for Online Gift Shop. Answer: Introduction: The aim of designing the interface is to support a local gift shop in making their online presence. The interface is designed to provide the users with ease to order gifts online sitting right at their home. The interface has been designed by gaining some idea and concept from existing online gift shops. The existing design of the available websites has helped to determine the contents that have to be incorporated in user interface of the online gift shop. The interface for the users of online gift shop was being designed by following the design principles and usability standards to ensure that it can be viably used by the customers. The particular interface has been chosen for the local online gift shop as it is easy to use and simple to understand. The interface has a classy and elegant look so that the users feel comfortable and easy to use while placing their order for gifts in the online gift shop. The design of the interface is also easy to navigate as the navigation bar has been added to the master page that means it is available in all the pages of the website of online gift shop. The design of the user interface has been selected as it has items categorized according to the requirements of the customers. User requirements The major requirements of the users have been fulfilled in the interface design for the online gift shop as it has every functionality that has been determined in the design proposal. The design firstly is simple and easy to use that points out to be a positive aspect for attracting customers. Next, the interface being designed has been added with a search bar so that the users can easily search from the available items in the online gift shop. There is a shopping cart provided in the interface design unlike baskets in any physical store so that the users can add their choice of items and browse for purchasing of other items. The shopping cart helps the users to add, modify or delete items as per the choice of users before proceeding to final order placing procedure. The interface has been also embedded with a help page to provide the users with overview of some common issues being faced while placing their order and how to resolve them. There is also another module being implemented in the interface for ease of the users to pay in advance while placing their order. The ordering page provides an overview of purchased items and the total amount that have to be paid by the users and they also have a privilege to add their choice of deliver time and address. Design framework The user interface for the online gift shop has been designed considering the specific requirements determined from design proposal. The design has been made such that at every step of using the online gift shop, the users do not face any difficulty to place their order of feel that the website or mobile application of the online gift shop is complex in nature. The interface has been prepared as such that the users can easily place their order for particular gift items by either searching or browsing available items. The design has been chosen so that the users can place their order by following step by step procedure. The ideas and concepts for designing the interface has been gathered from various available online gift shops however the simplest modules from those have been selected for this particular project. The design procedures for websites have also been studied to ensure that the interface is being designed according to design principles as usability standards. In context to this project for Online gift shop, the available sources from which the idea of designing the user interface has been gathered is listed as below: https://www.fnp.com/australia/gifts https://www.giftsaustralia.com.au/ https://www.everythingbutflowers.com.au/ Conclusion From the evaluation of designed user interface for the online gift shop, it can concluded that all the user requirements being identified in the design proposal have been taken into consideration. The user interface has been designed such that it meets the requirements and can be easily used by the customers of the online gift shop. The design specifications as well as usability standards have been maintained to design the user interface for the online gift shop. The contents have been arranged sequentially so that users find it easier to move around the online gift shop either accessing the website or mobile application. Bibliography Banerjee, I., Nguyen, B., Garousi, V., Memon, A. (2013). Graphical user interface (GUI) testing: Systematic mapping and repository.Information and Software Technology,55(10), 1679-1694. Charfi, S., Ezzedine, H., Kolski, C. (2015). RITA: a useR Interface evaluaTion frAmework.J. UCS,21(4), 526-560. Hart, P., Bierwirth, R., Fulk, G., Sazonov, E. (2014, August). The design and evaluation of an activity monitoring user interface for people with stroke. InEngineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE(pp. 5908-5911). IEEE. Page, T. (2014). Skeuomorphism or flat design: future directions in mobile device User Interface (UI) design education.International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation,8(2), 130-142. Plaisant, C., Wu, J., Hettinger, A. Z., Powsner, S., Shneiderman, B. (2015). Novel user interface design for medication reconciliation: an evaluation of Twinlist.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, ocu021. Zen, M. (2017).A methodology for assessing aesthetics of a graphical user interface of an information system: visual measures-based automated evaluation(Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Universit Catholique de Louvain).

Purple Hibiscus Religious Attitudes free essay sample

Adichie uses Papa Nnukwu to teach readers that different people find spiritual pleasure in different religions, and helps the reader understand that beliefs unfamiliar from your own are equally important. Papa Nnukwu is the only non-Catholic character that the reader becomes familiar with in the novel. He is a man rooted in the traditional Nigerian beliefs, and has continued to embrace the Nigerian culture despite so many in Nigeria, including his two children, who were starting to conform to the more Western, Catholic beliefs. Papa Nnukwu offers a huge contrast to Papa Eugene, who is obsessed with having a European lifestyle, certain that it is far superior to Nigerian beliefs. It is likely that Papa Nnukwu’s character has been used by Adichie to show Kambili that â€Å"sometimes what was different was just as good as what was familiar† (p. 166). Kambili had been brought up hearing Papa Eugene call his father a â€Å"heathen† and calling his traditional rituals/ceremonies â€Å"devilish folklore†. We will write a custom essay sample on Purple Hibiscus: Religious Attitudes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In one scene, Kambili watches Papa Nnukwu perform his morning prayers, and she is surprised to realise that his prayers are very similar to hers (p. 67). This scene is vital in helping the reader question whether it is right to deem certain religions as right or wrong, and assists them in realising that certain spiritual beliefs do not have more value than others. Kambili is amazed at how Papa Nnukwu’s prayers for Papa Eugene are so much more loving than Eugene’s prayers are for him. This makes it clear that Papa Nnukwu’s expresses his beliefs in a way that brings him kindness, love, compassion and patience unlike Papa Eugene. This contrast is instrumental in teaching Kambili that Papa’s way is not the only way, and thus the reader learns that there is not only one correct religion. Kambili also mentions that Papa Nnukwu finished his prayers smiling and with an expression of deep serenity on his face. Adichie could possibly be using this to indicate to the reader that different people find peace and happiness in different spiritual beliefs, and it is this joy that is important, not whether the belief is â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong†. Through Father Amadi the reader is introduced to a compassionate, concerned and selfless side of expressing one’s faith. Father Amadi is a new generation Catholic priest: He is young, modern, unconventional and proudly Nigerian. We are first introduced to Father Amadi when he is a visiting priest at Kambili’s church. She describes his priestly garments as unconventional and mentions that he sings Igbo songs during the service. He also â€Å"kissed the bible slowly when he was done† (p. 28), revealing Father Amadi’s strong sense of enjoyment in his services. His services are also described as far less rigid than those of Father Benedict, an indication that Father Amadi makes worship part of everyday life, rather than making it a stern ritual, which is a far more modern take on the religion than Father Benedict and Papa Eugene. Moreover, Kambili notices that Father Amadi had not mentioned how beautiful the church was, or praised Papa Eugene like all the other visiting priests had. This verifies how Father Amadi’s view of religion is unembellished and honest – he is only concerned about the worshipping of the Lord, rather than the materialistic side of religion. Father Amadi is very easy to relate to and has intimate relationships with his congregation, which is evident when Aunt Ifeoma mentions, â€Å"He’s new at our chaplaincy, but he is so popular with everybody on campus already. He has invitations to eat in everybody’s houses† (p. 134). Unlike Father Benedict, Father Amadi is not a colonial product. He has the ability to combine the Western traditions of the church with Igbo praise songs, much to the distaste of Papa Eugene. He has managed to create a healthy balance between accepting his Nigerian culture while following a European religion a very contemporary expression of his faith. Father Amadi becomes socially and spiritually attached to others, such as the young boys he plays football with. He tells Kambili, â€Å"I see Christ in their faces, in the boys faces† (p. 178). Kambili struggles to imagine a Godly figure in the faces of ordinary people – this just shows how Father Amadi chooses to see the good of God in others, and wants to use his religion to help others in need. It is clear in the novel that Father Amadi follows God’s word through love, compassion and care for others. His devotion to helping the troubled Kambili acts as an example of his caring nature. He speaks of an all-accepting and forgiving God, offering a huge contrast to Papa Eugene’s constant talk of a revengeful, punishing God, and he echoes the love of God in his everyday life. Adichie uses Father Amadi to show the reader a different kind of priest from the common stereotype; a kind of priest contrasting hugely to the very distant and formal Father Benedict. This could be a great eye-opener for many readers who may realise they themselves had had stereotypes of a â€Å"typical† priest in their minds. Moreover, Father Amadi assists the reader in understanding that Holy figures do not necessarily have to be distant, superior and powerful, but can also be very human and intimate. Adichie introduces the readers to an inspiring person who has devoted his life to God, helping us realise that faith can be expressed in a way that brings great joy to one’s own life as well as others. From a young age Mama Beatrice was exposed to a stern Catholic upbringing, and continued these rigid Catholic traditions into her married life with Papa Eugene. However, she still managed to find small ways in which she could express her faith independently – teaching readers an important lesson about finding individuality in one’s faith. Mama Beatrice’s father was very high up in the Catholic Church in Nigeria. It is mentioned in the novel that her father was very set in his Western ways and had always insisted that the family spoke English and lived the European lifestyle. Furthermore, when she married Papa he had great control over how she followed the Christian faith. Thus, in the novel, one is seldom exposed to Mama Beatrice’s personal thoughts and views on her religion because she has always been influenced by others’ pugnacious religious opinions. It is likely that she struggles to find her individuality in her faith and probably does not express her faith in the manner that she would if she was not married to Papa or had a different upbringing. Nevertheless, a certain scene in the novel seems to reveal some small details about Mama’s own ideas of God. In Chapter 3, Kambili says that Mama always â€Å"wore the same t-shirt with GOD IS LOVE written on the front† (p. 7) along with a loosely-knotted green wrapper. This simple description could demonstrate how Mama has a slightly different view of God to Papa Eugene. By wearing this â€Å"GOD IS LOVE† t-shirt, she could possibly be finding reassurance in her belief that God is a loving and forgiving God, not the harsh God Papa believes in. The fact that the Achike family is so wealthy, yet Mama Beatrice always wears this same, simple outfit, also shows how she is unmaterialistic, and the words rinted on her t-shirt could indicate that her chief focus is on loving her God, not the earthly distractions. One also finds out in the novel that Mama holds prayer meetings with a small group of women living in Enugu, and they worship God through singing Igbo worship songs. Kambili mentions that â€Å"their Igbo songs, accompanied by robust hand clapping, echoed upstairs† (p 21). Mama Beatrice evidently has a greater ability than Papa Eugene to merge her religion with some of her Nigerian traditions, and is able to find enjoyment in her praising of God through singing. Adichie uses this information to illustrate to the readers how Mama Beatrice, although very reticently, manages to express her faith in a way that she can find comfort, despite being influenced into certain stern traditions her whole life and having many limits placed on the way in which she can express her faith. Adichie helps the reader understand that finding one’s own individual way to express one’s faith is imperative. Aunt Ifeoma exhibits to Kambili and the readers the importance of being accepting of all faiths, no matter how different they are from your own. When looking at Aunt Ifeoma’s attitude towards faith, one is stunned that Aunt Ifeoma and Papa Eugene have had the same upbringing, because she is so much more open-minded, tolerant and balanced than Papa in her views towards religion. Papa believes that being Catholic is â€Å"right† and any other religion is simply incorrect, whereas Aunt Ifeoma constantly tries to teach Kambili that other beliefs, such as Papa Nnukwu’s traditional Nigerian beliefs, are not wrong just because they are different. This is proved when Kambili says of Papa Nnukwu, â€Å"How could Our Lady intercede on behalf of a heathen, Aunty? † and Aunt Ifeoma helps her understand that Papa Nnukwu is â€Å"not a heathen but a traditionalist, that sometimes what was different was just as good as what was familiar, that when Papa Nnukwu did his itu-nzu, his declaration of innocence in the morning, it was the same as saying our rosary† (p. 166). Also, in contrast to Papa Eugene, Aunt Ifeoma is able to merge her Catholic faith with the Nigerian culture and is unashamed of it. Despite being raised by Europeans in European-run schools, she has not rejected her culture or deemed it inferior like her brother has. This validates that Aunt Ifeoma finds it important that your religion should not change who you are, but still allow you to be satisfied with your individuality. Additionally, Kambili was shocked when Aunt Ifeoma â€Å"prayed that we might find peace and laughter† (p. 127), something that would never have been mentioned or heard in the Achike household. Aunt Ifeoma also combined Western Catholic rituals, such as saying the rosary and the Hail Mary’s, with traditional Igbo songs of praise in their post-dinner religious rituals. This proves how Aunt Ifeoma expresses her faith using laughter, love and joy as well as in a way that is familiar to her, by worshipping in her native tongue. Consequently, it is clear that Aunt Ifeoma teaches the readers some vital lessons. You learn to be tolerant of other religions; no matter how unfamiliar they are, as there is not one â€Å"correct† belief. Furthermore, Aunt Ifeoma demonstrates that you should not let your religion change you, but use it to embrace your individuality and your culture. Aunt Ifeoma is a prime example of how faith has the ability to bring delight to your life if expressed in a positive way. To sum up, Adichie has used these characters to delve deeper into the theme of religion. She displays to the readers that one’s faith can be expressed in a variety of different ways, and it can have very contrasting impacts on people’s lives. She uses these characters to help the reader understand valuable lessons about religion. Through these characters the readers can understand that that no spiritual belief is superior to another, and that it is imperative to be accepting of other religions. Adichie hints that it is the joy found in one’s religion that truly matters. One can learn that expressing one’s religion in a way that has a positive impact on others is key, as well as being able to merge one’s religion with one’s individuality.

How to Write a Religious Apology Essay Sample

How to Write a Religious Apology Essay SampleI would recommend reading some samples of religious autobiography essays. They can help you become aware of the literary elements that make up a good essay.The first element to be noticed in a religious autobiography essay is consistency. A good essay should include the same examples, ideas, concepts, and terms throughout the whole essay. A good essay will include quotations, quotes from the Bible, passages from Scripture, Biblical stories, etc. The list could go on.A religious autobiography essay will also help you develop your own sense of humor. Just like poetry, poetry that uses real events and people can be used as a literary device.One feature that is usually lacking in religious autobiography essays is the idea of setting a chapter aside to show the reader what is happening in the other chapters of the essay. A good religious autobiography essay can include a chapter summary or postscript, which describes what happens in the rest of the essay. In some cases, an appendix with other writings can also be included.You need to pay attention to the length of the religious autobiography essay sample you read. Not all the sample essays are appropriate for all essays. The essay sample that is the best one for you will need to contain a series of five to seven paragraphs.These paragraphs should generally start with a character's name, followed by a brief description of what the character is like. After the character's introduction, the writer should continue the paragraph by discussing how the character does certain things, how he thinks, and what he says. It is important that the essay is complete. The author should then wrap things up by discussing why the character believes the way he does.Reading the religious autobiography essay sample can be helpful to you in developing your own style. The fact that you should pay attention to detail, including the length of your essay, shows that you have good taste.

Husserl Phenomenology

Husserl Phenomenology Free Online Research Papers Husserl was a German Jewish philosopher. Being Jewish put him at a disadvantage due to the times and the place. After gaining his Ph.D in mathematics at Berlin university, he lectured at the universities of Gà ¶ttingen and Freiburg. The Nazis had him relocated in favor of his previous apprentice, Heidegger. Husserl believed that the political and social crisis followed from an intellectual crisis. Modern science was unsuccessful to provide its promised answers. Husserl wanted to produce a philosophy that would offer a firm establishment of certain understanding upon which all other sciences would rest. His phenomenology was to be a philosophy of drastic rejuvenation through which mankind would learn to see the world anew. All prejudices would be eliminated; all simplistic answers to fundamental questions would be balanced, all taken for granted attitudes abandoned. The result a Europe founded on truth. Only one need absorbs me: I must win clarity else I cannot live; I cannot bear life unless I can believe that I will achieve it. (H. Spielberg The Phenomenological Movement Vol. 1 1865 p. 76 n.1, p. 82.) Husserl dedicated himself to a search for the very foundation of human knowledge. His first passion had been mathematics and he became gripped by a vision of a philosophy that provided the surefire certainty found in mathematics. He wanted to create a philosophy that was a rigorous science. Yet his focus was not on the so-called objective truths of empirical science, but on the subjective process of human thinking; not on so-called facts but on phenomena, things as they appear to the mind. Edmund Husserl saw modern science in crisis. Its claims to objectivity failed to recognize the active role of consciousness in developing human understanding. He developed phenomenology, a methodology designed to examine the contents of ones own consciousness. The examination of pure phenomena is seen as a means to return to the fundaments of knowledge and how the world first appears to the consciousness. The focus is on the subjective process of thinking rather than on what others would consider the objective facts of empirical science. His method of phenomenological reduction requires the suspension of all assumptions about the external causes and results of the contents of consciousness. The aim is to distinguish the essential nature of mental acts and thus the truths that are the sources of human knowledge. Thinking is always intentional, aimed at a specific object. But the difference between thinking and acting is that the intentional object, what the mind is thinking about, need not be present. It may not even exist. The difference between mental acts and other acts is that the objects of mental acts may be intentionally inexistent. This does not, however, mean they have no reality. The act of thinking gives them a meaning and significance; they become objects of our consciousness. It is these objects of consciousness, phenomena, that are the focus of Husserls philosophy. Husserl saw modern science in crisis precisely because its claims to objectivity had failed to recognize the active role of consciousness in developing human understanding. Any theory of knowledge must be based on an understanding of the workings of the human consciousness. The natural sciences give the appearance of rational, objective knowledge. But the natural attitude of the scientific method fails to acknowledge the role of consciousness in constituting meaning. It denies the essential status of objects of consciousness as living intentional experiences. The mind and only the mind is a being in itself and for itself; it is autonomous and capable of being handled in a rational, genuinely and thoroughly scientific way Thus the science of nature presupposes the science of the mind. (Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man) Phenomenology claims to be absolutely original and scientific in a genuine sense. It abandons the tentative notions that science mistakes for reality and the pseudo-scientific pretenses of naturalism. Husserl is not denying a legitimate role for natural science. He is simply arguing that its very legitimacy assumes a phenomenological investigation of the intentional origins of knowledge. A solid foundation for knowledge can only be secured by a meticulous method that returns to the intuitive evidence of the immediate experience of consciousness. Phenomenology is therefore a science of science. Attempts by Franz Brentano to establish psychology as an empirical science inspired an interest in mental phenomena. It was Brentano who first stressed the intentionality of consciousness. Brentano realized that it was impossible to study behavior without recognizing that behavior constitutes acts of consciousness. It involved interaction between the subjective conscious self and the objective outside world. Empirical psychology, he concluded, must first seek to understand the subjective experience by way of intuition. Brentano appears to have had greater influence on the phenomenologists than on the world of experimental psychology. Heidegger was at one time pupil of Husserl, a pupil who succeeded his master as professor at Freiburg University, not so much because of his philosophical genius but because of his political affiliation. Heideggers commitment to National Socialism saw his promotion to rector of the university in 1933. Meanwhile, Husserl was subjected to harassment and his career inhibited because of his Jewish background. The influence of both Husserl and Heidegger on existentialists like Sartre is undeniable. Later phenomenologists failed to follow Husserls thinking in its entirety. They make the more modest claim to explore the many ways in which consciousness itself provides the structure and the feeling of being in the world. Still the existentialists focus on the life-world of the conscious being finds its origins here. Husserl envisioned a process of exploring the intentionality of pure consciousness and hence producing universally valid knowledge free from corruption by individual and communal experiences and understanding. This would involve a number of stages. Bracketing suspension of all empirical and metaphysical presuppositions Reduction allowing a return to a presuppositionless world Free variation imaginary variation of the reduced thing to a common variation or essence (eidos) Intuition an awareness of the essence as it emerges passively from the overlap of the varying acts of intentionality Description of the essential structures of of both the intended thing (noema) and the intending consciousness (noesis). The descriptive phase includes all the stages and renders essential intuitions permanent and hence communicable to others in the universal pursuit of knowledge. Phenomenology is in search of a pure or reduced object or process, its very essence. It seeks to strip individual objects of all that makes them particular, seeking the pure essence what they share with other objects of the same sort. This requires putting to one side all beliefs characteristic of common sense and science, a process called bracketing. Bracketing concentrates our awareness on the ways in which meanings appear to us as pure phenomena regardless of whether they exist as empirical entities outside of our consciousness. The mind is thus freed from the literal reality we normally take for granted and comes to know its own intentionality more intimately and more accurately. From the outset, Husserl argued that the main purpose of phenomenology is a return to the fundaments of knowledge. Its aim is to relocate the primary point of contact between man and the world, to redirect philosophical attention to the primordial ways we perceive the world. Phenomenology works to recover the forgotten origins of scientific knowledge, to retrace a pre-objective intuition of things themselves in their flesh and blood presence in the life-world. It asks us to rediscover the hidden â€Å"intentionalities† of consciousness, to examine their essential structures in a new manner without presuppositions. Phenomenology places much importance on imagination and intuition. After bracketing, there occurs free variation where meaning unfolds in a free play of pure possibilities. In the unregulated horizon of our imagination, we can liberally vary or modify anything until an invariant structure is revealed. This is the essence of the thing intended. It emerges passively from the overlap of the multiple acts of our freely varying intentionality. In a single intuitive act of recognition we are taken back to the interface between consciousness and its intended object. In this way, phenomenology arranges to repeat the pre-reflective acts of our intentional experience in a reflective fashion. Husserls analysis focuses not just on the objects of consciousness but also on the acts of consciousness perception, imagination, signification etc. which intend the object. The method culminates in a description of the essential structures of both the intended thing (noema) and intending consciousness (noesis), as these essences emerge from the free variation of imagination into the grasp of a united intuition. Through the process of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that one can also discover ones own transcendental ego. This ego, as pure consciousness, is quite distinct from the psychical self that is of interest to psychology. Husserl believed that his phenomenological method overcame the difficulties that Kant had identified in coming to know either things-in-themselves or the transcendental self. By means of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that we could regain access to a presuppositionless world of transcendental immediacy where being becomes identical with its manifestation to consciousness. Being becomes reduced in a non-reductive sense of being retrieved and opened up to the meaning of being . Husserls analysis focuses not just on the objects of consciousness but also on the acts of consciousness perception, imagination, signification etc. which intend the object. The method culminates in a description of the essential structures of both the intended thing (noema) and intending consciousness (noesis), as these essences emerge from the free variation of imagination into the grasp of a united intuition. Through the process of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that one can also discover ones own transcendental ego. This ego, as pure consciousness, is quite distinct from the psychical self that is of interest to psychology. Husserl believed that his phenomenological method overcame the difficulties that Kant had identified in coming to know either things-in-themselves or the transcendental self. By means of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that we could regain access to a presuppositionless world of transcendental immediacy where being becomes identical with its manifestation to consciousness. Being becomes reduced in a non-reductive sense of being retrieved and opened up to the meaning of being. Husserl was fixed that a new scientific philosophy would not treat consciousness from the natural viewpoint, as object. Truth lies, not in the mind, nor in the natural objects of perception, but in the interaction between the two. As soon as we encounter the world, we, as conscious subjects, start to give it meaning. A solid foundation for knowledge can only be secured by a scrupulous method that returns us to the immediate experience of consciousness. We can only hope to know the things themselves by interrogating the life of the consciousness which intends these things that transcendental self which alone is capable of producing valid universal knowledge. Research Papers on Husserl PhenomenologyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Capital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

The Meaning of Other in Sociology

The Meaning of Other in Sociology In classical sociology, other is a concept in the study of social life through which we define relationships. We encounter two distinct types of others in relation to ourselves. Significant Other A â€Å"significant other† is someone about whom we have some degree of specific knowledge and thus we pay attention to what we perceive to be his or her personal thoughts, feelings or expectations. In this case, significant does not mean that the person is important, and it doesnt refer to the common parlance of a romantic relationship. Archie O. Haller, Edward L. Fink, and Joseph Woelfel of the University of Wisconsin performed the first scientific research and measurements of the influence of significant others on individuals. Haller, Fink, and Woelfel surveyed 100 adolescents in Wisconsin and measured their educational and occupational aspirations while also identifying the group of other individuals who interacted with the students and were mentors for them. Then they measured the impact of the significant others and their expectations for the teens educational possibilities. The results found that the expectations of the significant had the single most powerful influence on the students own aspirations. Generalized Other The second type of other is the â€Å"generalized other,† which we experience primarily as an abstract social status and the role that goes with it. It was developed by George Herbert Mead as a core concept in his discussion of the social genesis of the self. According to Mead, the self lives in an individuals ability to account for himself as a social being. This also requires a person to account for the role of the other as well as how his or her actions could affect a group. The generalized other represents the collection of roles and attitudes that people use as a reference to figure out how to behave in any particular situation. According to Mead: Selves develop in social contexts as people learn to take the roles of their consociates such that they can with a fair degree of accuracy predict how one set of actions is likely to generate fairly predictable responses. People develop these capacities in the process of interacting with one another, sharing meaningful symbols, and developing and using language to create, refine, and assign meanings to social objects (including themselves). For people to engage in complex and intricate social processes, they have to develop a sense of expectationsthe rules, roles, norms, and understanding that make responses predictable and understandable. When you learn these rules as distinct from others, the aggregate comprises a generalized other. Examples of the Other A significant other: We might know that the corner grocery store clerk likes children or does not like it when people ask to use the restroom. As an â€Å"other,† this person is significant in that we pay attention not only to what grocers are generally like, but also what we know about this particular grocer. A generalized other: When we enter a grocery store without any knowledge of the grocer, our expectations are based only on knowledge of grocers and customers in general and what is usually supposed to take place when they interact. Thus when we interact with this grocer, our only basis for knowledge is the generalized other.

Afrocentrism Historiographical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Afrocentrism Historiographical Paper - Essay Example In searching for the origins of Greek civilization, the Western world is in search of its identity. However, in the act of separating the world into a Western and an Eastern world, theories surrounding origins are biased by the desire to belong to the foundational race. In examining such theories, an observance can be made about the way in which ’truth’ is defined within the framework of scholarly theory. The origin of the Afrocentric movement of theories can be traced to the 19th century when â€Å"an approach that explicitly sets out to redress the negative images which have often been developed of Africans and to promote positive constructions of African heritage†(Ancient Egypt 2003, 7) was determined to be needed for cultural authenticity. The work of Cheikh Ante Diop, a Senegalese national who studied in Paris, and became an historian, an anthropologist, a physicist and a politician, studied histories of origin in order to support his theories and determined that â€Å"it was Europe that depended on Africa . . . Far from having no history at all, as European scholars had been assuring themselves, Africa was now recognized as no less than the source of mankind†(July 1987, 137). Martin Bernal’s theory of the origins of Greek civilization has created a great debate in the academic community. The basis of this theory is that a correction in accepted European revisionist theories on the origins of Greece must be made. Greece culture, according to Bernal, was borrowed from the civilizations of Egypt and Phoenicia, not from the northern Indo-European cultures. He contends that this theory of Indo-European influence is a result of theories produced out of prejudice that are created to diminish the influence of African cultures on modern thought. Bernal (1994) states the Greeks were fiercely opposed to the idea that any other culture had ever been involved in the creation of their society that they were superior to

The Reasons for Participating in the MMPA Program Essay

The Reasons for Participating in the MMPA Program - Essay Example The University of Toronto seeks a diverse and unique entering class of current and future managers. How will your distinctiveness enrich the learning environment and enhance your prospects for future success? In the midst of the overwhelming competition in the business world, it is becoming increasingly important to have a strong sense of maturity in the learning process. Having realized this, I have taken time to develop myself as an accounting student. My past learning experience during the undergraduate program in U of T’s Mississauga campus has enabled me to develop and nurture a mature student status. My maturity as a student and profound learning skills coupled with strong determination to succeed will be a strong boost to the learning environment in The University of Toronto. I will, therefore, use my learning experience, positive influence, and power to motivate others to nurture a learning environment amongst fellow students. If we are all united together as students towards a common objective of getting the best out of the program, then my chances of succeeding in the master’s program will be secured. More importantly, the favourable learning environment that will have been nurtured will be a good platform for me to maximally gain all the required skills for my future practice. What sets me apart from the rest is my resilience. Life experiences have taught me to be resilient even in distressing conditions. Actually, my resilience enabled me to go through the undergraduate program despite having accidents and fee problems.

Comparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour

Comparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour are two short stories both seemingly similar and contrasting in different ways. In Chopin’s story we see that Louise Mallard reveals her ironically natural feeling of joy and freedom following the news of her husband’s death. Louise’s sensation of freedom is conveyed through the use of vivid natural images and color. While in Colette’s story the two female protagonists contrastingly suffer from repression while the other practices freedom and liberty. These contrasting feelings are conveyed by the usage of various color images. Both Chopin and Colette address the theme of freedom and liberty from male control through the indirect use of natural, color, and vivid imagery. More often, the natural images are associated with the setting and the atmosphere, while color imagery is repeatedly linked to the physical appearance of the characters. In The Story of an Hour Chopin’s use of natural images develop and convey the theme of female freedom and liberty. The image of window is one of the most fundamental symbols which puts across this theme. The window exemplifies the ‘monstrous joy’ and the ironically natural freedom Louise is feeling in her following the news of her husband’s death. This oxymoron can be defined as the feeling she knows is considered ‘monstrous’ by society who does not expect her to be glad at her husband’s death. The way in which she faces the ‘open window’ reveals the new beginning she is looking forward to and her realization of a fresh start without her husband. Furthermore, the author’s application of an image of a ‘tree’ that were ‘aquiver’ and the ‘countless sparrows’ whic... ...n Chopin’s The Story of an Hour there is less work for the readers’ to work out specific hidden meanings. It is much harder to work out meanings when Alice doesn’t answer when Marc says 'were satisfied†¦Aren’t we, darling?’ Throughout the course of the two stories The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour, the use of natural, color, and vivid images are an essential tool for both authors to convey the theme of freedom and liberty from male control. The use of the various types of imagery shows the similar techniques Colette and Chopin shared. However, there are some minor differences these two stories shared, such as the use of dialogues and narratives as well as one being more symbolic than the other. The use of imagery is just a very small part of all the other features the writers used to develop the theme of female Freedom & Rights from male control.

Factors Affecting Share Prices

International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 30 (2009)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http://www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm Determinants of Equity Prices in the Stock Markets Somoye, Russell Olukayode Christopher Dept. of Banking & Finance, Faculty of Management Science Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria P. O. Box 1104 Ijebu-Ode, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria E-mail: [email  protected] com Akintoye, Ishola Rufus Dept. of Accounting, Faculty of Management Science Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria E-mail: [email  protected] com Oseni, Jimoh Ezekiel Dept. f Banking and Finance, Faculty of Management Science Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria E-mail: [email  protected] com Abstract Brav & Heaton (2003) alleges market indeterminacy (a situation where it is impossible to determine whether an asset is efficiently or inefficiently priced) in the stock market. Kang (2008) argue that empirical tests of linear asset pricing models show presence of mispricing in asset pricing. Asset pricing is considered efficient if the asset price reflects all available market information to the extent no informed trader can outperform the market and / or the uninformed trader.This study examined the extent to which some â€Å"information factors† or market indices affect the stock price. A model defined by Al-Tamimi (2007) was used to regress the variables (stock prices, earnings per share, gross domestic product, lending interest rate and foreign exchange rate) after testing for multicollinarity among the independent variables. The multicollinarity test revealed very strong correlation between gross domestic product and crude oil price, gross domestic product and foreign exchange rate, lending interest rate and inflation rate.All the variables have positive correlation to stock prices with the exception of lending interest rate and foreign exchange rate. The outcomes of the study agree w ith earlier studies by Udegbunam and Eriki (2001); Ibrahim (2003) and Chaudhuri and Smiles (2004). This study has enriched the existing literature while it would help policy makers who are interested in deploying instruments of monetary policy and other economic indices for the growth of the capital market. Keywords: Stock prices, CAPM, models, coefficient, efficient, stock market. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) 78 1. 0. Introduction The price of a commodity, the economist makes us to believe is determined by the forces of demand and supply in a free economy. Even if we accept the economists’ view, what factors influence demand and supply behavior? Price? Yes, but not all the time, at least there are some other factors. In the securities market, whether the primary or the secondary market, the price of equity is significantly influenced by a number of factors which include book value of the firm, dividend per share, earnings p er share, price earning ratio and dividend cover (Gompers, Ishii & Metrick, 2003).The most basic factors that influence price of equity share are demand and supply factors. If most people start buying then prices move up and if people start selling prices go down. Government policies, firm’s and industry’s performance and potentials have effects on demand behaviour of investors, both in the primary and secondary markets. The factors affecting the price of an equity share can be viewed from the macro and micro economic perspectives. Macro economic factors include politics, general economic conditions – i. e. how the economy is performing, government regulations, etc.Then there may be other factors like demand and supply conditions which can be influenced by the performance of the company and, of course, the performance of the company vis-a-vis the industry and the other players in the industry. In a study of the impact of dividend and earnings on stock prices, Ha rtone (2004) argues that a significantly positive impact is made on equity prices if positive earnings information occurs after negative dividend information. Also, a significantly negative impact occurs in equity pricing if positive dividend information is followed by negative earning information.Docking and Koch (2005) discovers that there is a direct relationship between dividend announcement and equity price behavior. Al-Qenae, Li & Wearing (2002) in their study of the effects of earning (micro-economic factor), inflation and interest rate (macro-economic factors) on the stock prices on the Kuwait Stock Exchange, discovered that the macro-economic factors significantly impact stock prices negatively. A previous study by Udegbunam and Eriki (2001) of the Nigerian capital market also shows that inflation is inversely correlated to stock market price behaviour.A number of models developed for asset pricing are two variable models. For instance the Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) developed by Sharpe (1964) considers the risk-free return and volatility of the risk-free return to market return as the determinants of asset price. Asset price as described by CAPM is linearly related to the two independent variables. Many studies have concluded that over the years assets were being underpriced (Smith, 1977; Loderer, Sheehan & Kadlec, 1991) and this raises the question of the adequacy of the various asset pricing models to ensure efficient asset pricing.Brav & Heaton (2003) alleges market indeterminacy, a situation where it is impossible to determine whether an asset is efficiently or inefficiently priced. Kang (2008) found that empirical tests of linear asset pricing models show presence of mispricing in asset pricing. Asset pricing is considered efficient if the asset price reflects all available market information to the extent no informed trader can outperform the market and / or the uninformed trader. This study aims at examining the extent to which some â⠂¬Å"information factors† or market indices affect the stock price.The rest of the paper is designed as follows: Section 2 reviews literature on factors influencing asset prices, effects of inefficient asset pricing and some of the existing asset pricing techniques. Section 3 states the data and the sources, the data restructuring and the model used for data analysis while Section 4 discussed and interpret the results of the data analysis. Lastly, section 4 is the conclusion. 2. 0. Conceptual Framework and Literature Review 2. 1. Conceptual Framework Several attempts have been made to identify or study the factors that affect asset prices.Some researchers have also tried to determine the correlation between selected factors (internal and external, 179 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) market and non-market factors, economic and non-economic factors) and asset prices. The outcomes of the studies vary depending on the scope of the st udy, the assets and factors examined. Zhang (2004) designed a multi-index model to determine the effect of industry, country and international factors on asset pricing. Byers and Groth (2000) defined the asset pricing process as a function utility (economic factors) and non-economic (psychic) factors.Clerc and Pfister (2001) posit that monetary policy is capable of influencing asset prices in the long run. Any change in interest rates especially unanticipated change affects growth expectations and the rates for discounting investment future cash flows. Ross’ (1977) APT model which could be taken as a protest of one factor model of CAPM which assumes that asset price depends only on market factor believe that the asset price is influenced by both the market and non-market factors such as foreign exchange, inflation and unemployment rates.One of the defects of APT in spite of its advancement of asset pricing model is that the factors to be included in asset pricing are unspecif ied. Al – Tamimi (2007) identified company fundamental factors (performance of the company, a change in board of directors, appointment of new management, and the creation of new assets, dividends, earnings), and external factors ( government rules and regulations, inflation, and other economic conditions, investor behavior, market conditions, money supply, competition, uncontrolled natural or environmental circumstances) as influencers of asset prices.He developed a simple regression model to measure the coefficients of correlation between the independent and dependent variables. SP = f (EPS, DPS, OL, GDP, CPI, INT, MS) Where, SP: Stock price; EPS: Earnings per share; DPS: Dividend per share; OL: Oil price; GDP: Gross domestic product; CPI: Consumer price index; INT: Interest rate and MS: Money supply. He discovered that the firm’s fundamental factors exercise the most significant impact on stock prices.The EPS was found to be the most influencing factor over the mark et. Studying the effects of the Iraq war on US financial markets, Rigobon and Sack (2004) discovered that increases in war risk caused declines in Treasury yields and equity prices, a widening of lower-grade corporate spreads, a fall in the dollar, and a rise in oil prices. A positive correlation exists between the price of oil and war. They argue that war has a significant impact on the oil price.Tymoigne (2002) argue that in the financial market, banking convention and financial convention work together to fix the assets’ market prices. According to him the financial convention creates a speculative sentiment of whether capitalists are more prone to sell, or to buy assets while the banking convention determines the state of credit as evidenced by the confidence of the banking sector and ability of investors accessing credit leverage for asset acquisition purpose.He concluded that â€Å"conventions do not determine asset-price, it is the â€Å"law of supply and demand† that does so, conventionsâ€Å"only† influence the behaviors of financial actors† Inflation as an external factor exerts a very significant negative influence on the stock prices in Nigeria (Zhao,1999 & Udegbunam and Eriki, 2001). Factors affecting asset prices are numerous and inexhaustible. The factors can be categorized into firm, industry, country and international or market and non-market factors, and economic and noneconomic factors. All the factors can be summarized into two classes – micro and macro factors.Factors in each class of the classification are inexhaustible. For instance, the firm factors include, ownership structure, management quality, labour force quality, earnings ratios, dividend payments, net book value, etc. have impact on the investor’s pricing decision. Molodovsky (1995) believes that dividends are the hard core of stock value. The value of any asset equals the present value of all cash flows of the asset. 2. 2. Effects Of In efficient Asset Pricing Inefficient asset pricing could be a catalyst to inefficient resource allocation among competing productive investment opportunities.Underpricing can serve as positive signal to the market (Giammariano & Lewis, 1989) to compensate the uninformed and get them to participate in the new International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) 180 offer (Rock, 1986; Allen & Faulhaber, 1989; Grinblatt & Hwang, 1989; Welch, 1989). The market is information-sensitive. Prices tend to take a declining trend few days to the release of a firm’s new offer and the price recovery starts few days after the completion of the offer, especially if he offer is fully subscribed (Barclay and Litzenberger, 1988). Easley, Hridkjaer and O’Hara (2001) agree that market is information sensitive at least to the extent that private (insider) information affect asset returns and advised that it should not be ignored for efficient asset pricing. The f irm’s beta ratios, its market value to book value, its current price to earnings ratio and the historical growth rate in earning per share are identified by Moore & Beltz (2002) as possessing strong influence on the equity price of the firm.They also argue that the identified factors have varying effects on the price and the effects vary from time to time, sector to sector and even from firm to firm within the same industry. For instance, they argue that equity prices of individual firm in heavy industries (chemical, petroleum, metal and manufacturing) are exclusively influenced by the firm’s beta and market to book value while firms in the technology sector are influenced by the historical growth rate in earning per share as well as beta and market to book value ratio.The equity price in transportation industry is affected by beta and price to earning ratio. Though, Moore & Beltz (2002) constructed a tree relating the impact of each identified factors in each of the s elected model but did not construct a model that could be used in assessing direct impact of the identified factors on the equity price. Asset pricing could be a challenge.Hordahl & Packer (2006) argue that a clear understanding of the asset’s stochastic discount factor and future payoffs is necessary to understand the factors that determine the price of an asset. Unfortunately, only Government instruments provide their stochastic discount factor in advance while the future payoffs are not observable directly but could be derived from some other data. Corwin (2003 identifies uncertainty and asymmetric information as a strong influence on the firm’s equity pricing and as a matter of fact lead to underpriced instrument.In the light of the preceding literature review, many factors both micro and macro-economics, have impact on equity pricing in the stock market, the impact differs from firm to firm, industry to industry, economy to economy and from time to time, but one c omforting conclusion is that most of the factors appear to have the same behaviour regardless of time, industry or firm constraints.For instance, increased inflation and interest rates, declining dividends, earnings, poor management leave negative impact on equity pricing and vice-versa 2. 3. Asset Pricing Techniques There are several asset pricing models aside from CAPM and APT which are both linear model. A few of the available (non-linear) asset pricing techniques are reviewed in this section. 2. 3. 1. Residual Income Valuation This is one of the oldest valuation model with a trace to the work of Preinreich (1938).The valuation model discounts the future expected dividends and potential value of shareholders’ funds to the present value, giving effect to a proposition that the price of equity can be derived from the present value of all future dividends. Lo and Lys (2000) reviewed the Olhson Model (OM) developed in by Ohlson (1995) and which has been acknowledged with wide acceptance (Joos & Zhdanov, 2007; Chen & Zhao, 2008). The OM provides a platform for the empirical test of the residual income valuation (RIV).Lo and Lys (2000) defined RIV as: RIV = Pt = ? R-r Et (dt+r) Where Pt is defined as the equity market price at time t, dt represents dividends at the end of time t, R is the unity plus the discount rate (r) and Et is the expectation factor at time t. The RIV from the present value of expected dividend is based on the assumptions that (i) the accounting system meets the â€Å"clean surplus relation† i. e. 181 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) To derive RIV from PVED, two additional assumptions are made.First, an â€Å"accounting system† that satisfies a clean surplus relation (CSR) is assumed: bt = bt-1 + xt – dt, bt represents the book value of equity at time t, xt represents the earnings at time t, and (ii) it is assumed that the book value of equity would grow at a rate les s than R, that is R-r Et (bt+r) —————) 0 The assumptions form the basis to argue that the present value of expected dividend is a function of both the book value and discounted expected abnormal earnings.In that case RIV signifying the price of the asset can be stated thus: Pt = bt +? t=1 R-r Et (xat+r) Where xat = xt – rbt-1. Testing RIV empirically could be a contention on the premises that it has only one sided hypothesis: asset price is a function present value of future dividends. A rejection of the hypothesis when tested empirically may arouse dissenting voices from researchers who had believed in the efficacy of the model. In fact, Lee (2006) expressed the view that residual income valuation model provides a better valuation than the dividend model.John and Williams (1985), and Miller and Rock (1985), argue that dividend is a communication tool for the firm to pass information to the market in the event of information asymmetry which implies that there is a positive correlation between information asymmetry and a firm’s dividend policy. 2. 3. 2. Economic Valuation Model This model traced to Tully (2000) is developed to recognize economic profits as against the use of book profit in the valuation of asset.The model builds on the premises of profit maximization by owners of the firm and the profit is not to be restricted to book value, rather it covers the opportunity cost of not investing in profitable projects. Economical profit is differentiated from the book profit as the difference from revenues and economical costs (i. e. book costs plus opportunity cost of failure to invest in profitable project. The book profit can be defined as revenue less costs while economic profit is defined as total revenue from investment less cost of capital.Economic profit is higher than normal book profit because of the opportunity cost considered in the former. There are two approaches to the estimation of economic value added (Koller, Goedhart & Wessels, 2005; Jennergren, 2008). The first is NOPLAT less capital charge (i. e. WACC multiplied by initial capital outlay). The value of the operating assets is therefore the initial capital outlay plus the present value of cash flows derived from economic value added.To obtain the equity value, the value of debt is deducted from the value of the operating assets. The second approach involves EBIT less taxes (i. e. PAT). PAT less capital charge after recognizing deferred taxes as part of the invested capital. The operating assets remain as the initial capital outlay (having considered the effect of deferred taxes) plus the present value of all income derived from the economic value added.Economic Valuation of Asset (EVA) Model as defined by Kislingerova (2000) is stated as: EVAt = Pt = NOPATt – Ct x WACCt where NOPATt is Net Operating Profit After Tax or the profit after tax (PAT), Ct is long-term capital (Ct is the sum of equity and invested capita l or alternatively, it is the total of fixed assets and net working capital), WACC is Weighted Average Cost of Capital. Whenever EVA > O, the shareholders’ wealth is maximized, if EVA =0 then there is a break-even point and at EVA < 0 the shareholders’ wealth is in decline.EVA model serves as a tool in measuring both the performance of the firms as well its value. WACC serves a dual purpose. It is used in the calculation of EVA and its serves as the rate for discounting the present value of future earnings to the present time t. The value of the firm is therefore the addition of the book value of capital and the present value of future EVA. To derive the value of equity the value of debt would be deducted from the value of the firm. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) 182 2. 3. 3.Discounted Cash Flow Model The model uses accounting data as input and the objective of the model is to derive equity value of a going concern. The value of equity is derived by deducting the value of debt (excluding deferred taxes and trade credits) from the total assets. Deferred taxes are regarded as part of equity (Brealey, Myers & Allen, 2006). There are several variations to the adoption of the model (Jennergren, 2008). The discounted cash flow (DCF) is more adaptable to the valuation of a firm with high level of assets in place and low level of uncertainty about future cash flows (Joos & Zhdanov, 2007).Cash flows available for discounting include dividends, free cash flow to equity and free cash to the firm (debt and equity). A firm can experience three types of growth ranging from stable growth, high growth to stable growth and high growth through transition to a stable growth. The discount rate could be either cost of equity, cost of debt or the weighted cost of capital (WACC). The choice of discount rate should depend on the type of cash flow (equity or firm) to be discounted. At least two models can be derived from the cash flow model.The Dividend Discount (DD) Model is suitable for a firm that pays dividends close to the free cash flow or where it is difficult to estimate the free cash flow to equity. The second model, Free Cash Flow Model is suitable where there is a significant margin between dividends and free cash flow to equity or if dividends are not available. The value of firm witnessing stable growth is given as: C:UsersjoseniD esk top D esk to pDISCOUNTED CA SHFLOW MODELS WHA T THEY A RE A ND HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT ON E__filesImage8. if or a firm that experiences two stages of growth (i. e. high growth to stable growth), the value of the firm is: C:UsersjoseniDesk topDesk topDISCOUNTED CA SHFLOW MODELS WHA T THEY A RE A ND HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT ONE__filesImage9. gif The value of a firm experiencing three levels of growth (i. e. high growth through transition to stable growth) is given as: C:UsersjoseniDesk topDesk topDISCOUNTED CA SHFLOW MODELS WHA T THEY A RE A ND HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT ONE__filesImage10. gifWhere V0 represents equity value or firm value depending on which is discounted, CFt represents cash flow at time t, r represents cost of equity (for dividends or free cash flow to equity) or cost of capital ( for free cash flow to firm), g represents expected growth rate, ga represents initial expected growth (high growth period) and gn represents growth in a stable period; n and n1 are defined as the period in a two stage growth and high growth in a three stage growth models respectively while n2-n1 represents the transition period in the three stage growth model. . 3. 4. Dividend Valuation Model This is one of the commonest and simplest models for valuation of equity in the secondary market. The equity value is taken as the summation of discounted dividends receivable each year till the year of maturity and the price the equity is expected to be sold at maturity. The value of an investment is taken to be the discounted value of the cash flows.There are different variations to the model ranging from: One period valuation one Period to multi-periods Po = D1/(1 + ke) + P1/(1 + ke) Po = D1/(1 + ke)1 + D2/(1+ke)2 +†¦+ Dn/(1+ke)n + Pn/(1+ke)n – multi- period and to indeterminate length of time Infinity and, growth Po = D/(1+ke) (including Gordon growth) variations. D0(1+g)1 + D0(1+g)2 +†¦.. + D0(1+g)? Po = (1+ke)1 (1+ke)2 (1+ke)? or 183 Po = International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) D0– ke – g) Where: D = dividend paid / expected g = dividend’s growth rate = cost of equity or equity rate of return ke 1 – – n = period variation One of the motives behind the use of this valuation model is to identify over and underpriced shares. Moving away from the simplest form of this model Go and Olhson (1990) introduced a more tasking process for generating dividends and returns on equity investment which they adopted in some more specific valuation models .The process is based on some assumptions such that equity holders would receive net dividends and there exists a linear relationship between variables. John and Williams (1985), and Miller and Rock (1985) argue that dividend is a communication tool for the firm to pass information to the market in the event of information asymmetry which implies that there is a positive correlation between information asymmetry and a firm’s dividend policy. 3. 0. Research Methodology We define the research hypotheses, sampling and data collection techniques as well as the statistical techniques used to test the data. . 1. Research Methodology We test the following hypotheses: Ho1: The earning per share significantly affects the stock price Ho2: The national gross domestic products significantly affect the stock price Ho3: The lending interest rate significantly affect the stock price Ho4: The foreign exchange rate significantly affect the stock price 3. 2. Model From the hypotheses, the stoc k price is a function of the impact of earning per share, dividend per share, gross domestic, interest rate and oil price.We restricted the influencing factors to five as representatives of the firm’s fundamental factors and external (country) factors. A simple linear regression model derived from Al-Tamimi (2007) is adopted for the study. Unlike Al-Tamimi (2007) who included consumer price index (CPI) and money supply (MS) as independent variables, those variables were replaced with inflation rate (INFL) and foreign exchange rate (FX) in view of the significant impact they have on the economies of developing countries.SP = f (EPS, DPS, GDP, INT, OIL, INFL, FX) Where, SP is the stock price; EPS is the earnings per share; DPS is the dividend per share; GDP is the gross domestic product, INT is the lending interest rate, OIL is the oil price; INFL is inflation and FX is the foreign exchange rate. SP is the dependent variable and it is used to regress the other independent varia bles (EPS, DPS, GDP, INT, OIL, INFL, FX) in the stock market. The outcome of the regression would be the variance on the dependent variable as resulting from the impact of the independent variables.To explain the effects of multicollinearity normally associated with multi-variables in regression analysis, multicollinearity test is conducted to explain the extent of correlation between the independent variables.. A multiple regression software (WASSA) was used to test the multicollinearity among the independent variables before proceeding to conduct the regression analysis. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) 3. 3. Data Sampling 184 There are over 130 companies whose shares are being traded in the Nigerian capital market.The Banking sector in the last five years has dominated the market in terms of trading volumes and market performance. The earning per share (EPS) and dividend per share (DPS) of twelve companies listed on the Nigerian Sto ck Exchange (NSE) and (average) annual GDP, crude oil price (OIL), lending interest rate (INT), inflation rate (INFL) and foreign exchange rate (FX) are used are analysed for effect on the stock price. The period covered by the data is year 2001 to 2007. The choice of the companies and period used for the data gathering depend on availability of data. . 4. Data Restructuring Weights are attached to EPS and DPS for each of the companies sampled for each of the year. The weight is derived as a ratio of the company’s EPS or DPS to the total EPS or DPS of all the companies for each of the years. The weight is thereafter multiplied with the respective company EPS or DPS to derive â€Å"weighted stock price (SP), EPS or DPS and thereafter all the companies weighted SP, EPS or DPS are summed together for each of the year (APPENDIX I). 4. 0. Findings and InterpretationIn a linear expression where more than two variables are deployed, multicollinearity between variables may not be ru led out. A multicollinearity test is therefore conducted for all the independent variables. Using the Pearson coefficient of correlation, we consider any correlation between two variables > + 0. 75 as strong. For instance, from Table 1 below there is no significant correlation between earnings per share and dividend per share. Our explanations for it are into parts.First, all the companies in the sample reported earnings per share for each of the years covered by the study though in some instances the EPS are negative but not all the companies declared and /or paid dividends throughout all the periods. Secondly, EPS movement unlike DPS is largely outside the control of the Management. There is a strong correlation between crude oil price and GDP. The justification for the correlation between crude oil price and GDP can be found in the fact that the Nigerian economy predominantly depends on oil revenue.Table I: DPS EPS GDP OIL INT INF FX Outcomes of the Multicollinarity Test (Pearson Coefficient of Correlation DPS 1 -0. 302 0. 609 -0. 395 -0. 498 -0. 521 0. 724 EPS 1 -0. 523 -0. 596 0. 366 0. 778 -0. 037 GPD 1 0. 959 -0. 702 -0. 492 0. 795 OIL INT INFL FX 1 -0. 706 -0. 434 0. 614 1 0. 988 -0. 424 1 -0. 313 1 A strong correlation also exist between INFL and INT which might be the result of manufacturers and service providers passing increased lending interest rate to consumers. A strong correlation exists between FX and GDP.Unexpectedly, there is a strong correlation between INF and EPS, we do not have any explanation for this relationship. For our regression analysis, OIL and INFL were dropped from the model. Though there is a strong correlation between FX and GDP, both variables are used in the regression. FX and GDP variables are significant to the economy of developing nations like Nigeria, therefore their exclusion from the regression would result in a very high constant (? ). 185 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (20 09)A regression analysis was run on the independent variables DPS, EPS, GDP and INT after dropping OIL, INFL and FX. Table I shows the result of the regression analysis. Table II: Summary of the Regression Analysis R2 0. 99996 ? – 67. 2385 0. 3835 0. 0869 0. 3805 – 0. 8236 – 1. 9741 Adjusted R2 0. 99978 T – Test – 9. 597 36. 259 33. 369 21. 809 – 7. 375 – 11. 214 Standard Error of Estimates 0. 4752 F – Test 5385. 033 R 0. 99998 Constant DPS EPS GDP INT FX The stock price (P) is highly sensitive to variation as indicated by R2 of 0. 99996. In other words there is 99. 9% and as a matter of fact 100% in stock variation caused by the independent variables. The variability as measured by coefficient of variation (? ) is expectedly positive for DPS, EPS and GDP and expectedly negative for lending interest (INT) though quite significantly. The ? for DPS and EPS though positive were not significant. Many of the companies resorted to bo nus issues instead of dividends and the Nigerian investors are more interested in incomes rather than capital appreciation especially where the stock market performance is poor.The failure to declare and pay dividend leaves two negative impacts on stock prices. The existing investors are denied additional funds to invest and the potential investors seeking investment incomes are discouraged. The hypothesis that EPS affect stock price significantly is accepted. The positive GDP’s coefficient in relation to the stock price is in agreement with some other studies (Udegbunam and Eriki,2001; Ibrahim 2003; Mukherjee and Naka 1995; Chaudhuri and Smiles, 2004). The ? is insignificant at 0. 805 and this might not be unconnected with the increasing foreign reserve maintained by CBN from the proceeds of crude oil sales. The proceeds of the crude oil sales are not released to the economy for investment in various productive sectors of the economy but rather held in foreign economies as p art of the CBN’s monetary policies. The domestic economy is denied of the investments that would have occurred if the funds in the foreign reserve are released for spending in the domestic economy. The hypothesis that the GDP affects stock price significantly is accepted.The coefficient of interest which is negative is expected and found to be significant. The negative coefficient of the lending interest rate is in agreement with the findings of Al-Qenae, Li & Wearing (2002), and Mukherjee and Naka (1995). Lending interest rate is a strong tool in the hands of CBN to influence the economy and where the interest is high as it is Nigeria where lending interest rates hovers between 22% and 25%, the accessibility of the investors to access funds is curtailed and the impact on the stock price would be negative as shown.The hypothesis that lending interest rate affects the stock price significantly is accepted The foreign exchange rate’s coefficient is significantly negative at significant level of 10%. This is not unexpected. Local and foreign investors tend to invest in an economy that has a very high currency exchange rate to foreign currencies. The local investors are discouraged from taking their funds out of the economy for fear of reduced purchasing while foreign investors are encouraged otherwise for increased purchasing power. The hypothesis that foreign exchange rate affects the stock price significantly is accepted.Lastly, the constant (? ) is 67. 2385 (negative). This suggests that the minimum stock price in the market is < 0. We had initially excluded FX from the regression for the reason of its collinearity with GDP but the constant was negative and excessively high. The inclusion of FX has reduced the negativity which is an indication that there are other important variable(s) that significantly affect the stock prices but not considered in this study. The stock price cannot be < 0 except the company is in liquidation. International Rese arch Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) 186This raises an important question of what factor(s) could have accounted for the extra ordinary stock market performance in Nigeria between 2005 and 2007 where some stocks return over 1000% per annum. The nation House of Representative’s Committee on Capital Markets expressed disgust at the hike in the stock prices of companies in the banking and oil sectors (Thisday Newspapers, 2008). The â€Å"hike† which may not be a non-economic factor (such as political, unhealthy competition, profiteering by issuers who are at the same time market investors) may be the omitted important variable accounting for the high ?. . 0. Conclusions and Recommendations The forces of demand and supply have direct effect on the stock price while the other indeterminate number of firm, industry and country factors influences the demand and supply factors. The effect, positive or negative the other factors apart from the demand a nd supply leave on stock price are not static rather changes. For instance, lending interest rate effect could be positive or negative depending on the aim of the CBN in deploying it as one of the tools for implementing monetary policy.The study has contributed to existing literatures in confirming or raising new issues with respect to other factors influencing stock prices. 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Frank (2004) â€Å"Information Uncertainty and Stock Returns† An Article Submitted to The Journal of Finance Manuscript 1149 www. afajof. rg/afa/forthcoming/zhang_information. pdf Zhao, Xing-Qiu (1999), â€Å"Stock prices, inflation and output: evidence from China,† Applied Economics Letters, 6 Appendix Appendix I: Selected Market Indices (2001 – 2007) YEAR PRICE* DPS* EPS* GDP** INT** 42. 53 430. 00 393. 29 431,783. 10 21. 34 2001 43. 70 432. 72 412. 52 451,785. 60 29. 70 2002 109. 21 577. 63 459. 83 495,007. 10 22. 47 2003 116 . 76 552. 48 600. 59 527,576. 00 20. 62 2004 110. 56 466. 97 708. 90 561,931. 40 19. 47 2005 102. 33 553. 87 1,666. 03 595,821. 61 18. 43 2006 95. 87 549. 93 894. 96 561,776. 34 19. 1 2007 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin** : Cashcraft Asset Management Limited / APT Securities and Fund Limited * OIL** 24. 50 25. 40 29. 10 38. 70 57. 60 66. 50 54. 27 INFLE** 18. 90 12. 90 14. 00 15. 00 17. 90 8. 20 13. 70 FX ** 111. 94 120. 97 129. 36 133. 50 132. 15 128. 65 131. 43 189 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 30 (2009) Appendix II: Regression Analysis Of Selected Market Indices (2001 – 2007) Multiple Linear Regression – Estimated Regression Equation SP[t] = +0. 38353330161483 DPS[t] +0. 086971432931437 EPS[t] +0. 38049146437789 GDP[t] -0. 82357353121514 INT[t] -1. 740597666311 FX[t] -67. 238476376193 + e[t] Multiple Linear Regression – Ordinary Least Squares Variable DPS[t] EPS[t] GDP[t] INT[t] FX[t] Constant Var iable %DPS[t] %EPS[t] %GDP[t] %INT[t] %FX[t] %Constant Variable Parameter 0. 383533 0. 086971 0. 380491 -0. 823574 -1. 97406 -67. 238476 Elasticity 2. 201042 0. 359282 2. 221624 -0. 200986 -2. 822992 -0. 75797 Stand. Coeff. S. E. 0. 010577 0. 002606 0. 017447 0. 111666 0. 17603 7. 006084 S. E. * 0. 060703 0. 010767 0. 101869 0. 027251 0. 25173 0. 078979 S. E. * T-STAT H0: parameter = 0 36. 259468 33. 368601 21. 808584 -7. 375331 -11. 214366 -9. 597156 T-STAT H0: |elast| = 1 19. 785697 -59. 07274 11. 992081 -29. 320395 7. 241855 -3. 064493 T-STAT H0: coeff = 0 2-tail p-value 0. 017553 0. 019073 0. 029171 0. 085794 0. 056618 0. 066096 2-tail p-value 0. 032148 0. 010697 0. 052964 0. 021704 0. 087356 0. 200805 2-tail p-value 1-tail p-value 0. 008776 0. 009536 0. 014585 0. 042897 0. 028309 0. 033048 1-tail p-value 0. 016074 0. 005349 0. 026482 0. 010852 0. 043678 0. 100402 1-tail p-value 0. 008776 0. 009536 0. 014585 0. 042897 0. 028309 0. 5 S-DPS[t] 0. 763848 0. 021066 36. 259468 0. 017 553 S-EPS[t] 0. 69251 0. 020753 33. 368601 0. 019073 S-GDP[t] 0. 729372 0. 033444 21. 808584 0. 029171 S-INT[t] -0. 09814 0. 013307 -7. 75331 0. 085794 S-FX[t] -0. 48017 0. 042817 -11. 214366 0. 056618 S-Constant 0 0 0 1 Computed against deterministic endogenous series *Note Multiple Linear Regression – Regression Statistics Multiple R 0. 999981 R-squared 0. 999963 Adjusted R-squared 0. 999777 F-TEST 5385. 033289 Observations 7 Degrees of Freedom 1 Multiple Linear Regression – Residual Statistics Standard Error 0. 475177 Sum Squared Errors 0. 225793 Log Likelihood 2. 086595 Durbin-Watson 3. 380955 Von Neumann Ratio 3. 944448 # e[t] > 0 3 # e[t] < 0 4 # Runs 6 Runs Statistic 1. 333946 NB: Regression analysis was done using a software developed by Wessa (2008)